![]() ![]() Silvia Bello's contribution is part of the 'Human Behaviour in 3D' project funded by the Calleva Foundation.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Chris Stringer's research is supported by the Human Origins Research Fund and the Calleva Foundation. Additional funding to Anne Skinner came from McMaster University and from Williams College. Anne Skinner has been supported by US National Science Foundation Grant ILI-9151111 which funded her Electron Spin Resonance spectrometer. Pamela Willoughby has also been supported by the Killam Cornerstone Fund and by the Support for the Advancement of Scholarship Fund, Faculty of Arts, both at the University of Alberta. Pamela Willoughby has also been supported by a Post-PhD research grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data is in the tables in the text.įunding: This work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Standard Research Grants 410-2008-0061 and 410-2011-0117 as well as Insight Grant 345-2017-0152 all to Pamela Willoughby as PI. ![]() Received: JAccepted: JPublished: July 31, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Willoughby et al. PLoS ONE 13(7):Įditor: Roberto Macchiarelli, Université de Poitiers, FRANCE The exact age of these teeth is not clear as ESR and radiocarbon dates on associated snail shells give varying results, but a conservative estimate of their minimum age is 45,000 years.Ĭitation: Willoughby PR, Compton T, Bello SM, Bushozi PM, Skinner AR, Stringer CB (2018) Middle Stone Age human teeth from Magubike rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania. These non-masticatory scratches on the Magubike teeth suggest that the use of the front teeth as tools included regularly repeated activities undertaken throughout the life of the individual. Another notable feature is that the three incisors are marked on the labial crown by scratches that are much coarser than microwear striations. The degree of biological relatedness between eastern and southern African Stone Age hunter-gatherers has long been a subject of interest, and several characteristics of the Magubike teeth resemble those of the San of southern Africa. ![]() Both metric and non-metric traits are compared to those from other African and non-African dental remains. While there is some evidence of post-depositional alteration, the morphology of these teeth clearly shares features with anatomically modern Homo sapiens. None of the teeth are duplicated, so they may represent a single individual. All are fully developed and come from the maxilla. They comprise two central incisors, one lateral incisor, one canine, one third premolar, and one fourth premolar. In 2006, six isolated hominin teeth were excavated from Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits at the Magubike rockshelter in southern Tanzania. ![]()
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